![]() Hepatitis B vaccination has previously been shown to be influenced by genetics and lifestyle factors with 10–15% of adults responding inadequately by producing too few antibodies, as dictated by an anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of less than 10 mIU/mL. Moreover, the relationship between the biologically active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH) 2D, and hepatitis B vaccine is yet to be examined. The influence of vitamin D on the development of the hepatitis B vaccination response in humans remains unclear previous investigations have only studied chronic kidney patients and report conflicting findings. Indeed, vitamin D supplementation that corrected wintertime vitamin D status to achieve sufficiency before a tetanus toxoid booster vaccination resulted in higher IgG antibody concentration compared to a placebo. Cell and animal studies indicate that vitamin D may modulate vaccine responses through 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2D) interaction with antigen presentation, dendritic cell migration, and the subsequent activation of T and B cell antibody responses. As such, avoiding low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and achieving vitamin D sufficiency (25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L) may be important for the development of vaccine responses and consequently public health. ĭiscovery of the vitamin D receptor in almost all immune cells, and the many roles vitamin D has in innate and adaptive arms of immunity, highlight the importance of vitamin D in the regulation of immune responses. Low vitamin D status at initial vaccination was associated with poorer hepatitis B vaccine response (study 1) however, vitamin D supplementation commencing 3 days after vaccination (study 2) did not influence the vaccination response. ![]() In study 2, vitamin D supplementation strategies were similarly effective in achieving vitamin D sufficiency from the winter vitamin D nadir in almost all (~ 95%) however, the supplementation beginning 3 days after the initial vaccination did not effect the vaccine response (vitamin D vs placebo 4% ). Vaccine response was also poorer in winter than summer (− 18% ), when serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2D were at seasonal nadirs, and 81% of persons had serum 25(OH)D < 50 nmol/L. ![]() We measured hepatitis B vaccination efficacy as percentage of responders with anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin G ≥ 10 mIU/mL. In study 2, 3 days after the initial hepatitis B vaccination, 119 men received either placebo, simulated sunlight (1.3 × standard-erythema dose, 3 × /week for 4 weeks and then 1 × /week for 8 weeks) or oral vitamin D 3 (1000 IU/day for 4 weeks and 400 IU/day for 8 weeks). Then, to investigate the effects on hepatitis B vaccination of achieving vitamin D sufficiency (serum 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L) by a unique comparison of simulated sunlight and oral vitamin D 3 supplementation in wintertime (study 2). To determine serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH) 2D relationship with hepatitis B vaccination (study 1). ![]()
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